Monday, September 30, 2019

Coffee Descriptive

Definition Essay Coffee Coffee is a dark brown/black naturally caffeinated drink made from passing water through ground roasted coffee beans. Coffee is used as a great medicine to help patients, and it can be taken as a popular drink all over the world. Caffeinated coffee drinks are largely consumed by people around the world regularly. It has become an internationally popular drink in almost every country. Coffee is so important to our daily lives that some people cannot live a day without drinking it. The word coffee was derived from the Ottoman Turkish kahve, via the Italian caffe.The Turkish word was derived from the Arabian word qahwah. Arab lexicographers report that qahawah originally referred to wine. Since this beverage was thought to dull one’s hunger the word, qaha which signifies â€Å"to have no appetite† was given to it. Other etymologies also indicate that the Arab form was a loanword from an Ethiopian source word Kaffe, which refers to the highland in th e southwestern Ethiopia where the plant grows indigenous. However, the word that is used in that area is bunn, the native Shoa name bun meaning a native plant.Today coffee has different names all over the world, like caffe in French, Kaffee in Germany, kahvi in Finland etc. No matter what it is called, the Ethiopian people were the first to recognize the stimulating effect of the coffee beans that grow as a coffee plant. No one knows who among the natives earlier than 17th century grew coffee in Africa or used it as a stimulant. It is believed that a 9th century goat herder discovered coffee, but that his discovery was not revealed until 1671. Another story holds that Sheik Omar discovered the coffee.It is said that he was exiled from Mocha, Arab to a desert cave near Ousab, Arab. He was starving, so he chewed local berries, but found them bitter. To get a better taste, he roasted tem. But, they were too hard to eat. He then boiled them to soften the roasted beans, which resulted in a brown liquid with a strong fragrance. After drinking the liquid, he sustained himself on it for days. As this story reached Mocha, Omar was asked to return home. Coffee was brought from Ethiopia to Arab. Sufi Baba Budan smuggled coffee from Yeman to India. He smuggled beans by strapping them on to his chest.The first smuggled plant was grown at Mysore, India. Coffee drinking then spread to Europe and America. In the United States, September 29 is celebrated as National Coffee day. Coffee is grown in tropical grassland mixed with patches of forest at the altitude of 16-24 degrees. It is grown in different types of soil. But, it is especially grown in volcanic soil. Coffee is produced in a large quantity in rainy season. It is grown in a slope less than fifteen percent. It is not cultivated in a steeper slope because it presents major erosion risk and requires terracing and special management such as counter furrows.Coffee comes from topical African shrubs or trees of genus coffea, which is widely cultivated in the tropics. These beans picked at peak ripen, then dried, roasted and grounded to prepare a stimulating aromatic drink. Coffee is a brewed beverage with a distinct aroma and flavor. The beans are found in coffee â€Å"berries†, which grows on tree. Coffee is one of the most traded agricultural commodities in the world. Coffee is slightly acidic (5. 0-5. 1 pH) and can have stimulating effect on humans because of its caffeine content. It is one of the most consumed beverages in the world.All the coffee plants are classified in the large family rubiaceae. Different species of coffee are cultivated all over the world, among which the two main commercially cultivated coffee plants are coffea canephora, mostly known as robusta, and coffea arabic, arabica, which is the most highly regarded species and which is the native of southwestern highlands of Ethiopia. Coffees are evergreen plants which may grow up to five meter tall. The flowers of coffee plan ts are auxiliary. Flowers bloom simultaneously and are followed by oval berries.The berries are green when immature; they ripen to yellow then red and black on drying on the bush. Black berries produce the best tasting coffee. The berries usually contain two seeds, but some contain only one. These coffee berries are called pea berries. They take five to nine month to ripen. The leaves of the coffee plant are dark green and glossy which has a spear shape. The leaves cannot be eaten. Coffee beans undergo several processes before they become roasted coffee. Coffee beans have traditionally been selectively picked by hand.After picking, the berries are processed in two methods – dry process method and wet process method. The other method, dry process, is also known as unwashed or natural method and it is the oldest method of processing coffee. After picking, the entire berries are placed on tables or in thin layer on patios in the sunny day to dry. The berries are dried to remove moisture present in it. The berries take ten days to dry completely. The berries need to be rotated regularly to prevent mildew while they dry. After the berries dry, the skin, pulp and parchment are removed from the bean. Then they are sorted and graded.The wet process is another processing method. This method is common among premium coffees. After picking green berries, they are sorted by immersion in water. The bad ones will float while the good ones will sink. The skin of the berry is removed by pressing the berries inside the water. Formation is used if machine is not used. The objective of the fermentation process is to dissolve any remaining fruit flesh and to remove the sticky film surrounding the coffee beans, which are not water soluble. The berries are fermented for twenty to forty-six hours during which the pulp will naturally fall off.The pulp is removed by breaking down the cellulose by fermenting the beans with microbes and then washing them with large amount of water . The berries without pulp are cleaned with water and then dried in a machine or the sun. In most cases they are dried in the sun to twelve to thirteen percent moisture content and bought down to ten percent by machine. Some coffee is dried on large raised tables where the coffee is turned by hand. This method increases cost. But, drying coffee this way has the advantage of allowing air to circulate better around the berries, helping to dry them more.After drying, the thin shell around the berries, called the parchment, is removed from the bean and green coffee bean is produced. The coffee berries have now been processed and are prepared to undergo roasting. Coffee is usually sold in a roasted state. The roasting process is a complex process because the beans should be roasted evenly and at a very high temperature. The actual roasting begins when the temperature inside the beans reaches two hundred degree Celsius. The roasting of the berries depends on the moisture and the density o f the beans. During roasting, caramelization occurs as an intense heat breaks down the pulp.Caramelization is the browning of sugars; a process used extensively in cooking to create nutty flavor and brown color. Sucrose is rapidly lost during the roasting process and may disappear altogether. The aromatic oils and acids weaken, which changes the flavor. Oils start to develop. At two hundred degree Celsius, oil called caffeol is created. This oil is responsible for coffee’s aroma and flavor. Depending on the color of the roasted beans as observed by human eye, they will be labeled as light, medium light, medium, medium dark, dark or very dark.Discerning the degree of roast involves measuring the reflected the light from the roasted beans. Different roasts create different flavors. Coffee is used for various purposes such as plant food, insect repellant, dye, furniture scratch cover-up etc. But the main purpose of coffee is it is used as an energy source. For the human body the caffeine in the coffee causes faster neuron connections in our brains. This is useful for fast response situations, but not to recall memories. After drinking coffee regularly people get addicted to it and for going, drinking coffee will make unable to do anything.These people are caffeine addicts, and they become lethargic without caffeine. Coffee can cause a great health problem if it is consumed regularly. Coffee prepared using paper filters removes oily components called diterpenes that are present in unfiltered coffee. Two types of diterpenes are present in coffee: kahweol and cafestol, both of which have been associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease. The Harvard School of Public Health states that the overall balance of risks and benefits of coffee consumption are on the side of benefits.For example, men who drank six or more cups of coffee per day were found to have a twenty percent reduction in developing prostate cancer. Other studies suggest coffee consump tion reduces the risk of being affected by Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, heart disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, cirrhosis of the liver and gout. Drinking decaffeinated coffee is better than drinking caffeinated coffee. Decaffeinated coffee has ninety seven percent of the caffeine removed. Decaffeinated coffee increases resting metabolism rate and protects against diabetes.It decreases C-peptide levels, which are an indicator of insulin resistance. It also avoids rapid heart rate, upset stomach and sleep disturbance. There are different types of coffee beverages, such as Affogato, Baltimore, Black eye, Black tie and many others. The main types of coffee that are produced are coffee and Espresso. They are the same, but Espresso is roasted a bit darker and produces stronger drink than ground coffee. The beans are roasted until they are dark and oily-looking. The main differences between coffee and espresso are the fineness of the grind and the brewing time.T he brewing time for espresso is much shorter and is made in an espresso machines that generate up to fifteen atmospheres of pressure to force hot water through the ground coffee. When the espresso is placed into a small basket; it is tightly packed with about 40lbs of pressure. Coffee is loose grinds deposited in to a basket and not packed at all. When the espresso liquid comes out, it is dark brown in color and slightly thick with a small amount of foam on top. The purpose of drinking coffee is to enjoy the flavor and the taste. Most of the people don’t drink coffee just to stay alert or awake.Most of the people end up buying decaffeinated coffee, to enjoy the coffee and to avoid all the side effect of caffeinated coffee. Sometime people also drink caffeinated coffee to boost themselves for different purposes like to be active, to stay alert and many others. There are plenty of issues for us to think about when deciding if we should drink coffee or not. Drinking it offers bo th risks and offers benefits to a human body. Coffee affects each person differently. We cannot deny that coffee does play an essential role in daily lives. However, over-consuming offee is harmful. But some people think that drinking coffee is beneficial because some research has shown that it helps to sure diseases. I think that drinking coffee was one of the best experiences that have ever happened because of its taste and its strong smell. Many people feel this way. Coffee has also helped countries to improve their economies. If people think that it is harmful to drink caffeinated coffee then they can drink decaffeinated coffee and enjoy the same taste. Though coffee has a bitter taste it is one of the most pleasant, aromatic beverages ever made.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Act three of the crucible Essay

This leaves Mary Warren accused, with no way out, as Abigail expands on this statement to make it seem more realistic. Abigail has achieved what she wanted, she has gotten the attention away from herself using her accusations. The tension builds as we don’t know what Abigail is going to do next and we know that she is capable of destroying peoples lives. The Puritan society meant that everything revolved around God, the girls, knowing this, found that the strongest way to act was to accuse people of being against God. It would make them look in a better light as they are doing Gods work by ferreting the evil out of the village. Danforth, Hale and Hathorne believe that God is using the girls to help the village. This constant reference to the Bible and repetition of the puritan beliefs adds to the tension as it shows that they will not doubt the â€Å"messengers of God†. There is also a moment of humour were Proctor forgets one of the commandments, when he is trying to prove his wife’s innocence. Throughout the whole ordeal Proctor stands as the voice of reason, speaking the truth but not being heard over the tumult of lies. He voices sensible faults to Abigail’s accusations. When Abigail sees a yellow bird, Proctor says that he can’t see it and asks Hale the same thing even though he is being quieted by Danforth as he is trying to get the words out. He asks Hale because he thinks that Hale is starting to lose faith in the reliability of the court and calls to him for back up and support. He frantically tries to tell Danforth that the girls are just pretending in order to help Mary Warren, other wise he would feel guilty for Mary’s fate because he brought her there and told her to face up to Abigail and to tell the truth, â€Å"They’re pretending, Mr. Danforth! . . . They’re gulling you Mister! † This again adds to the tension as everyone is shouting over each other and the anger builds. As soon as everyone has been calmed down, once more they begin to yell their accusations over each other. The tension is built in peaks and troughs to keep the audience on edge. It is first built at the beginning when the characters first come on stage. It is lulled by Hale who asks for calm, and as they discuss the proceedings rationally, it is raised once more upon the entrance of Proctor as Parris claims he is there to overthrow the court. Another raise in tension is when Proctors wife is accused of keeping poppets in the house. Proctor cannot, despite the confession of Mary Warren, convince Danforth that it did not belong to Elizabeth. Abigail becomes worried that Danforth is starting to believe Proctor and so to strengthen the girls’ story she pretends she can feel a cold wind which is freezing her. The other girls pick up the act quickly and can also feel the wind. Proctor knows that they are only acting but cannot convince anyone else, as the girls’ have done it so much they start to believe it themselves. Act three – â€Å"Abigail : I – I know not. A wind, a cold wind, has come. (her eyes fall on Mary) Mary : (terrified, pleading) Abby! Mercy : (shivering) Your Honour, I freeze! Proctor : Their pretending! Hathorne : She is cold, Your Honour, touch her! † Abigail makes several attacks like this on Mary, when her and the other girls copy everything that Mary says and the one which finally cracks her, the yellow bird story. All these fantasies which Abigail makes up adds to the tension as we do not know what will happen to Mary if she does not confess. When Mary accuses Proctor she thinks she is doing what Abigail wants her to do but it ruins Abigail’s plan to get rid of Proctors wife so she could be with him instead. This is the end of the climax where Proctor is so angry at the injustice of the events and terrified of what with happen to him that in a moment of outrage that seals his arrest and ultimate hanging when he shouts out, â€Å"I say – I say – God is dead! † In the video the fury of the towns people is shown as they, in a Theocracy, feel very strongly about blasphemy. Proctor has seen the truth as he says that both Danforth and himself are doomed to hell as they have both sinned, â€Å"Proctor : God damns our kind especially, and we will burn , we will burn together! . . . You are pulling Heaven down and raising up a whore! † Hale has had enough and says he had nothing to do with the court proceedings and the overall verdict and storms out of the court. This is the final climax that Millar was building to the end were Proctor is so angry at Abigail and the court that he doesn’t care any more. When he says, â€Å"I say – I say – God is dead! † He is basically signing his own death warrant as the tolerance for blasphemy in his society was non-existent. Proctor knew this and knew this would anger everyone but he also knew that he couldn’t win. The end of the scene ends in chaos, as Hale storms out, The court falls apart, symbolising the less than perfect world of the Theocracy and their entire beliefs, which do not work when people have the freedom to lie and cause such thing as murder to happen legally and with the authorisation of the courts. I think that the point Arthur Miller is trying to make is that people will only believe what they want to believe. Also, there is not a straight line drawn through right and wrong, how crime and punishment are often influenced by thoughts, feelings and individual ideals. I think he is also trying to say that good doesn’t always conquer over evil no matter how superior their principals, intensions or morals are. Stephanie Moore English – Crucible essay Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Company's Mission vs Christian Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Company's Mission vs Christian Principles - Essay Example As small and startup businesses rarely have the financial resources to carry out market research, this paper assumes that a research firm on the behalf of another firm undertakes the research. The first step is to define the problem, goal and objectives of the research(Kotler & Keller, 2012). Research problems vary from one company to the next and also according to the prevailing situation. For instance, a rival company may introduce a new revolutionary product into the market. This development may force another company to improve its existing product if it is to compete with the new one. In such a case, the goal of the research may be to find out new benefits that consumers would like to enjoy in the existing product. At this stage, there is the risk of the research firm seeing the problem from their perspective not that of the contracting firm. Should this scenario happen, the entire research process could be rendered ineffective. The second step is to design the research. The essence of research design is determining the method of the research(Kotler & Keller, 2012). Among other considerations, the researcher will have to determine the type of research they are going to undertake. Broadly, research can either be a survey or a census. The main loophole at this stage is for the researcher to opt for a census as it will bring in more money by virtue of its scope, even if only a survey meets the needs of the client. This loophole can be sealed by the close collaboration of the marketing department of the client and the research firm. The third step is to design and prepare data collection tools. The most common data collection tool is the questionnaire(Kotler & Keller, 2012). The questionnaire could be sent to a respondent for them to complete and return it. Alternatively, a research assistant could visit the respondent at their residence or place of work and have them complete the questionnaire as they wait. The loophole here is that

Friday, September 27, 2019

Contemporary issues in marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Contemporary issues in marketing - Essay Example All the above phases mean that the strategy to be developed should effectively put the principles of the company closer to the needs of the specific consumers that the company targets. If a company puts the above in consideration then it will definitely develop unique strategies that make it competitive in the new market. This is addition to proper review and correction policies will determine the success of the adapted international marketing mix that Weny Trippes (fictional company) has developed. Weny Trippes has a really wide market appeal in the soft drink market in the United States. A company such as Weny Trippes has the ability to introduce new products that meet the demands and quality requirements of its consumers faster than any other company in the local scene. It has better consumer need responsiveness, better innovative skills, quality products and processes as well as higher efficiency that promotes its differentiation advantage in the United States market. This has ma de the company to consider developing marketing strategies that can ensure the success of its product line in other foreign markets such as those of Central America, East Africa, or Northern Europe, Chinese market and the Middle East markets. Different foreign markets have different needs and present unique different challenges that Weny Trippes has to form effective entry and marketing strategies on how to overcome them. ... Increasing competitiveness on a global ground has forced many industries to expand to foreign countries. Internationalisation, which is the process by virtue of which a firm moves from operating in its domestic market to international markets, has hence become an ongoing trend in the economy. But this however may have effects that are not evident in the domestic sector especially in terms of coping up with a foreign environment. The international market for many products is subject to many dynamic influences that can lead to changes in the volume, mix and distribution of demand and sources of competitiveness (Ofori 2000). Before this decision to venture into the market Weny Trippes only ventured the domestic market and never thought of expanding its business beyond the borders of its home country. The international penetration option for the companies is a means of expanding the profits and at the same time attempting to cash on the weakness and lack of creativity by the home compani es or firms that produce similar products (Akkaya 2006). Organizations are optimally entering into newer foreign markets mainly the onset of globalisation. â€Å"Globalisation is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment †¦. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems...† (Rothenberg 2002, p1). Thus, its wish to make an impression in foreign markets is further driven by the globalization. In addition, Weny Trippes has a really diverse range of soft drink products and energy drinks that it intends to develop an international marketing strategy so as to promote them in several foreign markets.

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Regional Politics (Africa, Middle East or East Asia) Essay

Regional Politics (Africa, Middle East or East Asia) - Essay Example In terms of attitude, consolidating democracy entails the majority believing in democratic procedures that they view as adequate to facilitate governance regardless of major economic issues. Further, the majority inclining to pro-democracy forces consolidates democracy in this sense because of minimal support for other systems of governances. Constitutionally, consolidating democracy involves a process whereby both governmental and anti-governmental forces, ascribe to specific laws or institutions established because of a new democratic process (Mottiar, 2002). On the other hand, a school of thought views democratic consolidation as vague, ethnocentric and teleological in terms of not offering a plausible mechanism of assessing the longevity of the democratization process. The proponents considering the process of consolidating democracy as being vague support their arguments by highlighting on the new democracies as a way of determining whether new democracies can maintain democracy in the form. Further, assessing new democracies assist to gain an understanding of the fallacy related to electroralism because a new democracy embraces an election process. Democracies exists that offer electoral democracy, but denies freedom or rights that accompany the principles of establishing democracies (Friedman, 2011). On another note, Mottiar (2002) states that, certain conditions needs to exist prior to acknowledging the consolidation of democracy. This involves conditions that facilitate the establishment of a free civil society where, autonomous groups or movements can articulate their values and develop associations to enhance their interests. Further, there is a need to promote a political society that is autonomous and ideal for political actors to embrace competition by following the legitimate process in pursuit of public power. The core institutions that need to be streamlined in this sense include the political parties, political leadership, electoral rules, int er-party alliances, legislature and elections. In addition, the dominant political actors within a state and including the government should adhere to the rule of law that purposely protects the freedom of individuals. This rule of law entails embracing constitutionalism as a way of promoting good governance from the state administration and the elected government. State bureaucracy also needs to be in place to achieve democratic consolidation since, state bureaucracy ensures that the citizen’s rights are protected and provided with the basic services. An institutionalized economy is also important for democratic consolidation in the sense that, institutionalized economy facilitates the enactment of policies and establishing institutions ideal for sustaining a mixed economy. As argued by Mottiar (2002), democratic consolidation cannot occur in an environment of commanding economies since, market autonomy and diversity in terms of ownership, is critical in establishing an inde pendent civil society. Conversely, democratic consolidation cannot thrive in an environment that embraces completely free market economy. This is because,

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

The Right to Work - Employment Relations Act Research Paper

The Right to Work - Employment Relations Act - Research Paper Example The formal name for the legislation was the Labor Management Relations Act (Decker and Covington, 2002). Apparently, the act was aimed at protecting workers from forced unionization and gave them the freedom to decide on whether or not to join labour unions but still enjoy job security (NRTW, 2011). This paper is a critical evaluation of labour relations in the states of Texas and New York in terms of the right to work. The right to work as per the US labour laws protects workers from losing their jobs or applicants being denied job opportunities on the basis of their affiliation with labour unions either financially or otherwise (NRTW, 2011). In this context, it would be important to mention that labour organizations are an important entity in the society, which, among other responsibilities, fights for the betterment of employee’s lives by acting as a unified force through which workers concerns and grievances are presented to the relevant stakeholders such as employers and the government at large for consideration. In general, labour unions are supposed to be the major champions and defenders of workers’ rights to ensure that they are not discriminated in any way by scrupulous agencies and employers. However, it is notable that some labour laws in different states in the US provide for the same unions to trample on some of the fundamental rights of employees that are included even in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states categorically that it is every person’s right to work. Such states are for example New York, which is pro-forced unionization. In New York State, unions are given the right to demand union fees from employees as a condition for their continued employment (FindLaw 2011). To achieve this, the employers work hand in hand with the unions to ensure that the fees are deducted from the salaries and delivered to the unions. If an employee refuses to pay up, they are faced with the possibility of losing their jobs, a factor which is categorized as a major challenge especially for the young generations, who opt to move to other states such as Texas, which have the right to work.  Ã‚  

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Design and Construction of Motorway Project Essay

Design and Construction of Motorway Project - Essay Example Through utilization of these regulations, project managers could ensure that safety and health applications remain present throughout engineering project implementation period. While engineering projects remain essential for development of the country, the impacts of the implementation process for these projects could be catastrophic. The reduction of imminent risks within the projects remains essential towards safe implementation of the entire project (Bailey, 2002). The aim of this report remains identifying the imminent hazards within the project that could present a danger to people working on the project. This report seeks to establish an informed analysis concerning the health and safety regulation required in engineering projects. Through identification of the imminent risks, the contractors could essentially implement safety operation processes, significantly reducing safety concerns during construction. This report seeks to identify the imminent hazards for contractors durin g construction and workers after project completion. The project engineers could utilize the proposals contained in this report in ensuring safety for individuals involved in the project. Description of works This project involves construction of a motorway seeking to replace the existing M8 between Glasgow and Edinburgh. The project shall involve numerous and continuous excavation processes within the lifetime of construction. The excavation process involves the production of massive amounts of dust, which becomes a potential health hazard for individuals living within the vicinity, and the people working on the project. The process of excavating materials within the construction site comes at the centre of the project. Through excavation, the engineers could achieve a significant level of project implementation. Designing the site into the required form shall involve a continuous bulk excavation process. The proposed route for the motorway passes through Greenfield and Brownfield land, which continue to be associated with mining of different minerals. These areas have numerous deposits of coal and steels minerals. During the construction process, the materials excavated from the site should be carefully handled to reduce the prevalent risks produced by the mining processes of these minerals. While different activities might be affected by construction, the imminent hazards following excavation through coal mines remain a surmountable safety concern. Upon removal of the topsoil, an analysis of the contents of the soil should e performed to determine the presence of harmful elements within the soil. Through this analysis, proper disposal methods could be implemented to ensure reduction of the imminent hazards produced by the material. The project could potentially generate a significant amount of waste materials and remnants of the construction materials utilized. Following the completion of the project, disposal of these materials is likely to become fundamen tal in ensuring safe working environment for people maintaining the project. Disposal of the waste materials generated remains a fundamental post-construction safety and health concern. The waste disposal operation seeks to ensure the environment remains safe for the people after completion of the project (Lagrega et al, 2010). The maintenance employees would be working in safe environments when all generated wastes become

Monday, September 23, 2019

Critical Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Review - Essay Example One of the main arguments of the author is that immigrants are taking jobs away from the British people. The article showed a lot of statistics and numbers to justify the position of the author. Overall the article was well written and it demonstrated a lot of evidence that might suggest that the author’s claim is correct. For instance he stated that since 2004 over 600,000 immigrants have entered the job market and during that time 450,000 young workers became unemployed. He also stated the logical argument that a higher number of people in the country meant that the government had to spend more money on costs of new homes, education, social care, and infrastructure. He also stated another fact that the bigger the population the more congested the city becomes which is an absolute truth. Another interest argument made by the author was that the immigrants are not contributing sufficiently to the overall economy based on how many resources they were depleting. The influx of im migrants is adding 1% to the population, but is only contributing 0.33% to the overall production. Despite the arguments that were made in this article my opinion is that the author did a poor job of proving the correlation between immigration and employment. His argument were biased and to certain extent racist because he made it seem as if the people that were entering the United Kingdom in search for a better life were a type of plague to the society when in reality they are enriching the culture of the country and providing much need labor. These poor immigrants are accepting low paying jobs that the majority of British people are not willing to take. When the author stated that the population growth associated with immigrants was not equal to the production they were creating his statistical approach was flawed because the reason that these workers were not adding more to economic production is because these humans were sacrificing themselves in very low paying jobs. Another ma jor flaw in the article was that the author failed to provide solutions on what the government should do to fix the problem. Since the author thinks that immigration is a problem he should have provided alternative solutions based on empirical data such as proposing that the U.K. imposed an immigration quota to limit the amount of people that can enter the country. This is just a theoretical example of something that could be done. A better way to deal with the problem is by the government of the United Kingdom taking measures to improve the state of the economy to increase the amount of jobs available for British nationals and people immigrating into the U.K. A second way that the government can improve the economy is by forming alliances with the private industry to spur job creation by offering better economic incentives that will attract foreign investors. The article stated that according to the Office of National Statistics Eastern Europeans are willing to do the dirty, diffic ult, and dangerous jobs for lower wages. Since this group of people is willing to sacrifice themselves more than British nationals it is estimated that 95% of males and 80% of female immigrants have been able to find jobs despite the weak economy. It is important to analyze the effect that this labor force has on the corporate world. From an economic and business standpoint corporations and businesses are greatly benefiting from the influx of immigrant workers because these companies are now able to fill vacant job positions they were having

Sunday, September 22, 2019

The Causes That Led to the Revolutionary War Essay Example for Free

The Causes That Led to the Revolutionary War Essay The Revolutionary War began in 1775 between England and the American Colonies. The war ended in 1783 with the American Colonies gaining their independence from England. Even though it is a well-known event, the Boston Tea Party was only one cause of the Revolutionary War, there were many other events that led the two nations down the path that ended with the Revolutionary War. England began the path to war with the Proclamation Act of 1763 and continued to pass many other acts and laws that the colonists did not agree with and caused reactions that served to anger England. There were many causes that led to the Revolutionary War starting with the French and Indian War and ending with the First Continental Congress meeting. The French and Indian War was fought by many countries including England. England and France were fighting to have more control of the land in â€Å"North America, the Caribbean, and in India† (ushistory. org, 2012, paragraph 1). After many years of war, England won the war but the financial cost exceeded their available funds. England’s deficit led to increased laws and taxes on the colonies. â€Å"It was that debt that caused the escalation of tensions leading to the Revolutionary War† (ushistory. rg, 2012, The French and Indian War, paragraph 1). The first law that England enacted on the colonies was the Proclamation Act of 1763. This law â€Å"in effect, closed off the frontier to colonial expansion† (ushistory. org, 2012, Proclamation Act of 1763, paragraph 1). The King passed this law to ease the fears of the Indians. The Indians feared that the colonists were going to take over their land as they moved toward the west. The colonists, on the other hand, believed that the King only wanted them to stay â€Å"where they would be easier to regulate† (ushistory. org, 2012, Proclamation Act of 1763, paragraph 1). The second law that England enacted in regards to the colonies was the Sugar Act of 1765. â€Å"The Sugar Act reduced the rate of tax on molasses from six pence to three pence per gallon† (ushistory. org, 2012, Sugar Act of 1764, paragraph 1). Even though this reduced taxes on molasses, overall it added more goods to be taxed. â€Å"The combined effect of the new duties was to sharply reduce the trade with Madeira, the Azores, the Canary Islands, and the French West Indies, all important destination ports for lumber, flour, cheese, and assorted farm products† (ushistory. rg, 2012, Sugar Act of 1764, paragraph 1). The Quartering Act which the king passed in 1765 was not a tax, but served to escalate tensions. This act forced the colonists to house English soldiers in their homes. The colonists were required to provide everything that the soldiers needed. The colonists were not compensated for any of the expenses incurred by this act. The Quartering Act increased the hostility between the colonists and England (ushistory. org, 2012). In addition to the laws that had already been passed, England passed the Stamp Act and continued to pass more laws. The Stamp Act raised all taxes that the colonists were paying to England. Once the colonists learned about the Stamp Act, they formed the Sons of Liberty. â€Å"The Sons of Liberty was founded in the summer of 1765 by a group of shopkeepers and artisans in Boston† (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, Sons of Liberty formed, paragraph 3). The Sons of Liberty wanted to keep England from being able to â€Å"enforce the Stamp Act† (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, Sons of Liberty formed, paragraph 5). The actions of the Sons of Liberty caused England to bring the Stamp Act back to Congress for review. After debate they decided to repeal the act† (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, Stamp Act Repealed, paragraph 1). â€Å"In 1766, a new government came into power in Great Britain† (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, Townshend Acts Imposed, paragraph 2). Charles Townshend, the head of this government, came up with an idea to only tax items that were not that valuable in trade. Townshend only taxed items that he knew â€Å"were all items that were not produced in the colonies and would be difficult to smuggle† (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, Townshend Acts Imposed, paragraph 2). These acts caused the colonists to respond with a boycott. The actions of the colonist in response to the Townshend Act convinced the British that they needed troops in Boston to help maintain order† (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, British Troops Land in Boston, paragraph 1). The colonists were angered when they realized that the British troops were there â€Å"not to defend the colonists in times of war, but [to] pacify them† (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, British Troops Land in Boston, paragraph 3). The colonists had finally had enough of the unjust actions and treatment at the hands of England and started making â€Å"taunts against British soldiers in Boston† (MultiEducator, Inc. 2000, Boston Massacre – 1770, paragraph 1). In response to these taunts, the British soldiers fired their guns at the colonists. When the British soldiers fired at the colonists, this led to â€Å"killing [three] instantly and wounding 11† (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2000, Boston Massacre – 1770, paragraph 1). On the same day that the Boston massacre occurred, the British merchants were pressuring parliament to repeal the Townshend Act. The merchants wanted the act repealed because the colonists were boycotting English goods. The colonial boycott of British goods hurt British merchants in London and beyond† (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, Townshend Act Repealed 1770, paragraph 2). The Townshend Act was repealed â€Å"on everything but tea† (MultiEducator, Inc, 2011, Townshend Acts Repealed 1770, paragraph 2). While the colonists were contending with taxes and quartering laws, they were also faced with British ships commandeering goods from their ships. There was a British ship called the Gaspee that patrolled the waters off of Rhode Island and would harass other colonial ships in the area. In response, â€Å"Lindsay lured the Gaspee into following him into shallow waters and the Gaspee ran aground† (MultiEducator, Inc, 2011, Colonist Burn Revenue Cutter Gaspee 1772, paragraph 1). Once the ship crashed a â€Å"small crew forced it and its captain to surrender. They then set the ship afire† (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, Colonist Burn Revenue Cutter Gaspee 1772, paragraph 1). After the Gaspee was burned, yet again tension between the colonies and England escalated. England was still angered with the colonists over the burning of the Gaspee, so they forced the colonists â€Å"to accept a monopoly on the importation of tea† (MultiEducator, Inc. 2011, Boston Tea Party 1773, paragraph 2). England also wanted the colonists to get their tea, so that they could tax them on the tea. As to be expected this angered the colonists. â€Å"The colonists demanded that the tea be returned. However, the governor would not hear of it† (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, Boston Tea Party 1773, paragraph 6). The colonists were so angered that they dressed up, made their ways to the ships and threw the tea overboard; an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. The escalating cycle of tension and anger continued and England responded to the Boston Tea Party with ‘a series f acts that became known as the ‘Coercive Acts’† (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, Coercive Acts Imposed by British 1774, paragraph 1). These acts consisted of England â€Å"closing the port of Boston, taking control of the Massachusetts Government, and passing the Quebec Act† (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, Coercive Acts Imposed By British 1774). England was hoping that by passing all these new laws and acts that the colonists would finally give in. â€Å"Implementing these acts was one of the last of a long string of miscalculations made by the British government in the wake of the impending American independence† (MultiEducator, Inc. 2011, Coercive Acts Imposed by British 1774, paragraph 7). The colonists had finally had enough and decided that they needed to schedule a meeting, which became known as the First Continental Congress. Each of the colonies sent a person of their choosing to represent them at the meeting. The colonists had this meeting so that they could reach one decision as to what they should do about â€Å"the British actions† (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, First Continental Congress Meets 1774, paragraph 3). The representatives debated many different options and they all finally agreed on â€Å"immediate non-importation of good from England† (MultiEducator, Inc. 2011, First Continental Congress Meets 1774, paragraph 8). The colonists were hopeful that this would cause England to rethink their actions and change how they treated the colonies. The path that led to The Revolutionary War was a long path and cannot be tied to a single incident. The colonists and England escalated the tensions with their actions and responses, until the colonists reached the conclusion that further measures (war) needed to be taken to get England to treat them as they wanted to be treated. The path to The Revolutionary War began with the debts from the French and Indian War and continued with the acts and laws that were passed by England. Many of the acts and laws angered the colonists, which led to the colonists responding with actions of their own. The actions of England combined with the reaction from the colonies sent the nations down a path of incidents that led to the beginning of the Revolutionary War.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Long-Term Effects and Societal Impacts of Alcohol Consumption Essay Example for Free

Long-Term Effects and Societal Impacts of Alcohol Consumption Essay Studies have shown that both long-term and short-term alcohol consumption affect every organ in the body in one way or another (College Drinking Changing the Culture, 2012). Some of the most commonly affected organs are the brain, heart, liver, pancreas, stomach, kidneys, and lungs (College Drinking Changing the Culture, 2012). Alcohol consumption has also been shown to affect one’s mental health as well as cause damage to the developing fetus (Fergusson, 2009). â€Å"Short-term† alcohol abuse refers alcohol consumption over days, weeks, or a few months; while â€Å"long-term† alcohol abuse is referring to high consumption of alcohol over several months to several years. Alcohol abuse also goes beyond the human body; it touches every part of society, particularly families and the economy, and likely has affected every human being in way or another. Organs Affected by Long-Term Alcohol Consumption Brain The short-term effects of alcohol consumption are more obvious because they are the effects that are seen when someone is intoxicated: slurred speech, lack of balance, poor memory, and blurred vision. The long-term effects of alcohol consumption on the brain are a little more subtle. One of the most common findings amongst long-term alcohol consumers is thiamine deficiency (thiamine is also known as vitamin B1), which is an essential nutrient for all tissues in the body (â€Å"Alcohol Alert†, 2004). The approximately 80 percent of alcoholics that have a thiamine deficiency are at a great risk of developing Wernike-Korsakoff Syndrome, a disease that consists of two syndromes, Wernike’s encephalopathy and Korsakoff’s psychosis (â€Å"Alcohol Alert†, 2004). Wernike’s encephalopathy causes mental confusion, paralysis of the nerves that move the eyes, and difficulty with muscle coordination, which 80-90 percent of the time develops into Korsakoff’s psychosis, a chronic syndrome characterized by memory and learning problems (â€Å"Alcohol Alert†, 2004). Heart While studies have shown in recent years that the antioxidants found in red wine can actually decrease one’s risk of developing heart disease, The American Heart Association states, â€Å"Drinking too much alcohol can raise the levels of some fats in the blood (triglycerides). It can also lead to high blood pressure, heart failure and an increased calorie intake†¦Excessive drinking and binge drinking can lead to stroke. Other serious problems include fetal alcohol syndrome, cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death† (American Heart Association, 2012). Alcohol can also affect the heart indirectly. Long-term alcohol consumption can lead to conditions such as obesity and/or diabetes, which put one at a greater risk of developing coronary artery disease (American Heart Association, 2012). Liver The liver is the organ in your body that filters out toxins, such as alcohol, from the blood. Drinking more alcohol than the liver can process can actually damage liver cells, and over a long period of time can cause alcohol related liver diseases such as fatty liver disease (build up of extra fat in liver cells), alcoholic hepatitis (swelling and damage of the liver), and alcoholic cirrhosis (scarring of the liver where soft healthy tissue is replaced with hard scar tissue) (American Liver Foundation, 2011). The damaged liver cells caused from long-term alcohol abuse can lead to inflammation, increasing the risk of liver cancer (â€Å"Alcohol Use and Cancer†, 2012). Liver disease can be fatal, and complications from liver disease may include build up of fluid in the abdomen, bleeding from veins in the esophagus or stomach, an enlarged spleen, high blood pressure in the liver, brain disorders or coma (from hepatic encephalopathy), and/or kidney failure (American Liver Foundation, 2011). Pancreas Long-term alcohol consumption can lead to chronic pancreatitis, which is inflammation of the pancreas. Pancreatitis can result from blockages in the pancreatic duct, although in alcoholics it is more commonly caused by damage to the pancreatic tissue due to the by-products of alcohol metabolism (Apte, 1997). Alcohol abuse is the most common cause for patients with chronic pancreatitis, and can usually be treated with diet modifications (avoiding alcohol and low fat diets) and medications for pain relief, without requiring surgical intervention (Freedman, 2012). Some studies even claim that long-term alcohol consumption can increase the risk of developing pancreatic cancer, although the studies on these claims have shown only a minor increased risk and have been mostly inconclusive (Ye, 2002). Gastrointestinal Tract The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the first stop that our foods and beverages have in the body. Alcohol usually moves from the stomach to the small intestine rather quickly, however sometimes alcohol is left behind and can actually irritate the inner lining of the stomach (College Drinking Changing the Culture, 2012). Unabsorbed alcohol left in the stomach can also increase digestive juices (hydrochloric acid), halt the digestive process and rob the body of necessary nutrients, and react with medications (such as aspirin) causing gastritis, ulcers, or severe bleeding (College Drinking Changing the Culture, 2012). Alcohol has even been linked to cancers in the GI tract. Cancers of the mouth, throat, larynx (voice box), and esophagus are believed to especially increase the risk of cancers of smokers because of the possibility that alcohol acts as a solvent for the harmful chemicals found in cigarettes, allowing these harmful chemicals to penetrate the inner linings of the digestive tract (â€Å"Alcohol Use and Cancer†, 2012). Bacteria in the colon and rectum can convert alcohol into large amounts of acetaldehyde, a chemical that has been shown to cause cancer in some lab studies (â€Å"Alcohol Use and Cancer†, 2012). Kidneys Long-term alcohol consumption has also been shown to compromise kidney function, particularly in patients with established liver disease (Epstein, 1997). Some studies have even shown that alcohol abuse can altering the form and structure of the kidneys, noting that many alcoholics have increased kidney size and/or swelling compared to non-alcoholics (Epstein, 1997). In Dr. Murray Epstein’s research on kidney function and alcohol abuse he has stated, â€Å"Chronic alcoholic patients may experience low blood concentrations of key electrolytes as well as potentially severe alterations in the body’s acid-base balance. In addition, alcohol can disrupt the hormonal control mechanisms that govern kidney function† (Epstein, 1997). Lungs One of the systems that is not as widely linked to alcohol consumption is the respiratory system, however recent studies have helped establish this link. For example, recent studies have shown that alcoholics are actually more prone to lung infections (such as pneumonia) (Joshi, 2007). More specifically, long-term alcohol consumption can decrease the levels of glutathione (an important antioxidant) in the lungs by as much as 80-90 percent (Joshi, 2007), which in turn leaves the lungs more susceptible to infection. Some pulmonologists have even found that prolonged and heavy exposure to alcohol can complicate asthma management, as well as worsen lung function and increase mortality in patients with COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) (Sisson, 2007). The reason why the effects of long-term alcohol consumption on the lungs is not as widely studied is because most often the lung impairment goes undetected until acutely insulted by trauma or sepsis (system wide infection) (Joshi, 2007). Breasts Recent studies are now showing that even a few alcoholic drinks can increase the risk of breast cancer in women, particularly of hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer (â€Å"Drinking Alcohol†, 2012). Alcohol can increase levels of estrogen and other hormones associated with hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer (â€Å"Drinking Alcohol†, 2012). According to breastcancer.org, â€Å"Compared to women who dont drink at all, women who have three alcoholic drinks per week have a 15% higher risk of breast cancer. Experts estimate that the risk of breast cancer goes up another 10% for each additional drink women regularly have each day† (â€Å"Drinking Alcohol†, 2012). The Effect of Alcohol Abuse on Society Families Alcoholism affects each member of the family, and can even affect unborn children. The most commonly affected family members are the spouses and children of alcoholics (Berger, Silverstein, and Wekesser, 2003). Studies have shown that some of the most common symptoms found amongst spouses of alcoholics are feelings of hatred, self-pity, avoidance of social contacts, suffering from exhaustion, and/or becoming physically or mentally ill (Berger, Silverstein, and Wekesser, 2003). Children of alcoholics commonly express symptoms such as low self-esteem, loneliness, guilt, feelings of helplessness, fears of abandonment, poor performance in school, and/or chronic depression (Berger, Silverstein, and Wekesser, 2003). Unborn children can be affected by alcohol abuse when a woman drinks a significant amount of alcohol during the pregnancy. Fetal alcohol syndrome is the most common disorder related to alcohol use during pregnancy. A baby that has been diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome may have the following symptoms: poor developmental growth in the womb and after birth, decreased muscle tone and poor coordination, delayed development, heart defects such as ventricular septal defect (VSD) or atrial septal defect (ASD), and/or problems with facial features (â€Å"Fetal alcohol syndrome†, 2012). The Economy In 2011 the U.S. Centers for disease Control (the CDC) reported that alcohol abuse costs the United States approximately $223.5 billion a year, with the government paying more than 60% of the health care costs of alcohol abusers (Fox, 2011). This enormous cost includes, but is not limited to, factors such as lost productivity due to alcohol-related illnesses, medical/health consequences of alcohol abuse, lost productivity of criminals/victims from crimes involving alcohol, and motor vehicle accidents (fatal and non-fatal) in which alcohol was involved (â€Å"Economic Costs of Alcohol Abuse in the United States†, 2000). Source Article: McCambridge J, McAlaney J, Rowe R (2011) Adult Consequences of Late Adolescent Alcohol Consumption: A Systematic Review of Cohort Studies. PLoS Med 8(2): e1000413. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000413 References: Alcohol Alert. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Oct 2004. Web. 8 Oct 2012. http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa63/aa63.htm. Alcohol Use and Cancer. American Cancer Society. American Cancer Society, 27 Jan 2012. Web. 8 Oct 2012.http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/CancerCauses/DietandPhysicalActivity/alcohol-use-and-cancer. American Heart Association. Alcohol and Heart Disease.www.heart.org. American Heart Association, 04 Apr 2012. Web. 8 Oct 2012. http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/MyHeartandStrokeNews/Alcohol-and-Heart-Disease_UCM_305173_Article.jsp. American Liver Foundation, . Alcohol-Related Liver Disease. American Liver Foundation. American Liver Foundation, 04 Oct 2011. Web. 8 Oct 2012. http://www.liverfoundation.org/abouttheliver/info/alcohol/. Apte, M, M Med, J Wilson, and M Korsten. Alcohol-Related Pancreatic Damage. Alcohol Health Research World. 21.1 (1997): 13-20. Web. 8 Oct. 2012. http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh21-1/13.pdf. Berger, G, H Silverstein, and C Wekesser. Alcoholism and Its Effect on the Family . AllPsych Journal. AllPsych Journal, 14 2003. Web. 23 Oct 2012. http://allpsych.com/journal/alcoholism.html. College Drinking Changing the Culture. Alcohol and You: An Interactive Body. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 13 Aug 2012. Web. 8 Oct 2012. http://www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov Drinking Alcohol. Breastcancer.org. Breastcancer.org, 17 Sep 2012. Web. 8 Oct 2012. http://www.breastcancer.org/risk/factors/alcohol. Epstein, Murray. Alcohol’s Impact on Kidney Function.Alcohol Health Research World. 1.21 (1997): 84-93. Web. 8 Oct. 2012. http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh21-1/84.pdf. Fergusson, DM, JM Boden, and LJ Horwood. Tests of causal links between alcohol abuse or dependence and major depression. PubMed. March (2009): n. page. Web. 8 Oct. 2012. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19255375. Fetal alcohol syndrome. PubMed Health. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 08 Aug 2012. Web. 8 Oct 2012. Fox, Maggie. CDC: Alcohol Abuse Costs U.S. $224 Billion a Year. National Journal. National Journal, 17 2011. Web. 23 Oct 2012. http://www.nationaljournal.com/healthcare/cdc-alcohol-abuse-costs-u-s-224-billion-a-year-20111017. Freedman, Steven, and J. Thomas LaMont, eds. Patient information: Chronic pancreatitis (Beyond the Basics). Up To Date. Wolters Kluwer Health, 11 Jul 2012. Web. 8 Oct 2012. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-pancreatitis-beyond-the-basics?source=see_link. Joshi, Pratibha, and David Guidot. The alcoholic lung: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and potential therapies. American Journal of Physiology Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 292.4 (2007): L813-L823. Web. 8 Oct. 2012. http://ajplung.physiology.org/content/292/4/L813.full.pdf html. Sisson, JH. PubMed. PubMed. 41.5 (2007): 293-307. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17764883. United States. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Economic Costs of Alcohol Abuse in the United States. 2000. Web. http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/economic-2000/alcoholcost.PDF. Ye, W, J Lagergren, E Weiderpass, O Nyrà ©n, H-O Adami, and A Ekbom. Alcohol abuse and the risk of pancreatic cancer. GUT An Internati onal Journal of

Friday, September 20, 2019

Gender, Consumption and the Media

Gender, Consumption and the Media Consumption is a social practice which subconsciously communicates ideas about gender. In turn, gender intersects with the realm of consumer behaviour as a cognitive, cultural and political construct (Ross, 2010, pp.13-39). In this instance, the media provides an important sphere to observe the social constructions of gender that, through routine, substantiates certain performances of gender (Hirschman Stern, 1994, pp. 576-81). Within the context of Home Box Office’s television series, Sex and the City (1998-2004, hereafter ‘SATC’), this paper will analyse contemporary depictions of femininity and demonstrate how these interpretations coincide with consumption. It will further discuss how gender fluidity allow the characters of SATC the liberty to transpire and transition between the essentialist attributes of feminine versus masculine, distorting the conventional boundaries and constructions of femininity when they consume homes, engage in consumption related to sex, and struggle with true love and marriage in their search for authenticity. Each character discovers approaches to simultaneously reconstruct and reinforce their gendered identities as they construct contemporary roles with the assistance of consumption. However, it is this consumption that can generate new tensions. The home is often associated with the gendered notions of the domestic sphere. Within the home, production and consumption are conventionally defined, with men buying the home and women buying for the home. This shapes the home as a site of patriarchal oppression and control (Schroeder Borgerson, 1998, pp. 105-231). However, Caldwell and Kleppe (2006, pp. 22-40) argue that household members can subvert, conform to, or negotiate ideas about gender. While discourses on home ownership are traditionally related to the marriage of a man and woman, SATC represents home ownership as allowing the female characters freedom to explore the expectations that are associated with conventional gender roles in the home and their personal desire to demarcate new gender roles as single women, without children, consuming living spaces. For Miranda, gender fluidity is communicated to encompass the power roles of men and women as professionals, lovers and homeowners. In light of this, Miranda experiences tensions when she confronts the vestiges of conventional gender roles when buying her home. Initially, Miranda had visualised that her acquirement of a home would satisfy her identity as an independent yet professionally accomplished single woman. However, the possession of a home for Miranda is shown to become imbued with sexism. This reflects the cultural assumption that a woman without children or a husband would simply not possess sufficient financial funds or knowledge to invest in real estate and would not consider purchasing her home ‘alone’. In effect, the challenge a woman’s achievement in the conventionally masculine, public sphere of work as a corporate lawyer poses leaves Miranda’s character insecure about her performance of femininity. Here, SATC communicates how the subversion of traditional feminine ideals will inevitably involve a negotiation of the gains of feminism. By purchasing a house without a man, Miranda is portrayed to challenge the norm which results in a self-reflective debate regarding her performance of femininity. Miranda’s experiences of tension demonstrate that changes to gender norms come slowly. The consumption related to domesticity and the home is therefore denoted in SATC as simultaneously liberating yet replete with tensions of the gender norms in everyday life. Another theme of gender that SATC communicates is how gender and consumption discourses are interlinked with the confines of sexuality. Gender is argued to be interlinked with sexuality as an individual’s gender guides their sexuality while at the same time an individual’s sexuality validates their gender (Fracher Kimmel 1995, p. 367). Schroeder and Zwick (2004, p. 34) argue that consumer behaviour regarding everyday products reflects on the messages of ‘sexuality, lifestyle and identity’. In SATC, themes of sexuality are intently interlinked with gender and consumption discourses although the cultural messages imbued in the consumption choices are neither essentialist nor direct. The women of SATC represent a contemporary adaptation of the single girl. This new standard for contemporary women is less fixed on chasing marriage as a fundamental end, but more focused on career and relationships. While stereotypical media representations of women primarily ex hibit traits of femininity as that of passivity and helplessness (Stole 2003, pp. 65-80), the narrative of single girls in SATC mirror the changes in the norms of femininity over time. For Samantha, her gender status as a single female and being the eldest of the four women, welcomes her attempts to control and preserve her youth through the performance of aesthetic labour (Pettinger, 2004, pp. 165-84). However, this narrative of Samantha struggling and worrying about her changing sexuality because of aging is brought to a halt when she realises the power her gender status provides her over the notions of beauty and youth. Samantha is characterised as empowering when she withstands the influence of the stereotypical images of female sexuality she is enveloped by as an exuberant consumer of fashion and executive-owner of a public relations firm. Through the characterisation of Samantha, the performance of female sexuality is suggested to involve an aesthetic that changes as a woman physically and emotionally matures. The aesthetic of femininity links female sexuality and power as SATC frames the aesthetic and its associated power to be about Samantha’s power to create and use it. In essence, Samantha embodies the tensions that emerge when a female must let go of youth and acknowledge her own power to determine her own beauty with age. In turn, the performance of female sexuality is highlighted to relate to consuming pleasure which may or may not involve sharing that pleasure with a man, either because men cannot provide it, or women prefer to experience the pleasure alone. Nonetheless, views of masculine power and predatory sexuality, the correlation sexual performance has with marriage and dating that will eventually result in marriage remain evident notions in SATC. This stresses gender as a social construct and how consumers will require time before being able to perform a more fluid notion of gender, without the anxiety, despite the idea of gender equality. SATC therefore communicates the tensions experienced by females that relate to these norms during their consumption of goods (for Samantha, the consideration of plastic surgery) which, in turn, affect the females’ performance of their sexuality and creating their desired gender identity. The final theme of gender communicated in SATC is the tension between an ongoing ambivalence for an authentic gender identity and the stereotyped female longing for true love and marriage. Potter (2010, p. 4) holds that authenticity and the consumption of true love and marriage is about individualism and a movement way from the masses to seek an individual gender status. However, consumption can never lead to an authentic gender identity because of what is consumed is considered to be inauthentic. As gender is a ‘natural and pre-cultural’ social construct (McCracken, 2008, p.186), the pursuit of an authentic gender identity and the performance of gender fluidity that may offer self-transformation and opportunities by being enacted through consumption may require the shelving of the authentic gender along the way. In SATC, the real self and the real love are framed as the female authenticity. By consuming to pursue authenticity, the female characters alter the power struc ture traditional gender roles have established through femininity’s contemporary self-sufficiency as the women of SATC discern between the fakes and real of love and self-knowledge. In Season 3, Charlotte escapes from the authenticity of New York City to experience the superficiality of Los Angeles. The change in setting allows Charlotte to reconsider the authenticity of the conservative gender messages she embodied in New York City. In effect, Charlotte is shown to become frustrated by her pursuits of authentic love and marriage as following the conventions of how to get married and pursue her views of true love and marriage to establish an authentic gender identity have been unsuccessful. Through the characterisation of Charlotte, SATC communicates the view of a conservative, gender identity where unmarried women should not have sex with their unmarried partner until after marriage. In effect, work, sexuality and consumption are conveyed as gender roles to be performed for the goal of true love, marriage and a gender identity. However, Charlotte’s later frustrations over her marriage with an impotent husband indicate that her pursuit of true love and ma rriage through following conventions may have, in itself, been inauthentic. This expresses the contemporary idea that gender identities in relationships are unstable and unscripted. Tensions between the conventional and contemporary norms are conveyed in SATC to be part of new gender performances yet the ending of fixed models or frames of references for true love, marriage and gender identity inherently creates anxiety. Constructions of gender in the media influence the understandings of gender in reality. These constructions provide points of analysis as they legitimise certain performances of gender and reflect broader discourses in society. The themes of gender in SATC focus on questions of the freedom of femininity and the changing notions of female sexuality in a dynamic social landscape. By examining SATC, insight is provided into the contemporary performativity of femininity in relation to consumption in public and traditionally masculine spheres. With the notions of family and work having changed in society, it has brought simultaneous changes in the understanding of gender roles. SATC provides a new independent woman, who despite subverts their traditional gender role, still struggles with similar issues prevalent in traditional notions of gender. The gender fluidity of post-feminism gives the characters of SATC the freedom to be multifaceted in their performances regarding consuming the ho me, experiencing sexuality and maintain and projecting an authentic self. However, this fluidity is often fraught with tensions between traditional models of gender and the gendered performances of the characters. The characters in SATC find ways to simultaneously re-establish and reinforce their gendered identities as they create and occupy new roles (with the aid of consumption) in a world of competing discourses of gender which are grounded in prior notions of femininity. Yet this consumption can lead to a sense of anxiety as well from the complex negotiations of gender expectations. References Caldwell, M. Kleppe, I. A. 2006, ‘Gender identity and perceptions of femininity in everyday life: A multi country study of contemporary young female achievers’, Gender and Consumer Behaviour, vol. 8, pp. 22–40. Fracher, J. Kimmel, M. 1995, ‘Hard issues and soft spots: Counselling men about sexuality’, Men’s Lives, pp. 365–74. Hirschman, E. C. Stern B. B. 1994, ‘Women as commodities: Prostitution as depicted in The Blue Angel, Pretty Baby and Pretty Woman’, Advances in Consumer Research, vol. 21, pp. 576–81. McCracken, G. 2008, Transformations: Identity construction in contemporary culture, Indiana University Press, Bloomington. Pettinger, L. 2004, ‘Brand culture and branded workers: Service work and aesthetic labour in fashion retail’, Consumption Markets Culture, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 165–84. Potter, A. 2010, The authenticity hoax: How we get lost finding ourselves, HarperCollins Publishers, New York. Ross, K. 2010, Gendered media: Women, men and identity politics, Rowman and Littlefield, Plymouth, pp. 13-39. Schroeder, J. E. Borgerson, J. L. 1998, ‘Marketing images of gender: A visual analysis’, Consumption Markets Culture, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 105–231. Schroeder, J. E. Zwick, D. 2004, ‘Mirrors of masculinity: Representation and identity in advertising images’, Consumption Markets Culture, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 21–52. Sex and the City 1998 – 2004, television series, HBO Original Programming, New York. Stole, I. L. 2003, ‘Televised consumption: Women, advertisers and the early daytime television industry’, Consumption Markets Culture, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 65–80.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

The Attack on Pearl Harbor :: World War II WWII WW2

The Japanese planned a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor and struck at 7:55 A.M. on December 7th, 1941. This attack led to President Franklin Roosevelt asking Congress for a Declaration of War. This was the event that led to the United States entering World War II. The United States was mad at Japan for invading Manchuria in 1931. We were worried about the Japanese military. That is why President Roosevelt moved our Pacific Fleet to Pearl Harbor. After many months of talking, the Japanese broke off negotiations with the United States on December 6, 1941. We had made an offer to them and they never replied to the offer. The U.S. knew that the Japanese were probably going to attack us soon. We didn’t know where the attack would be. Most military officers thought it would be in the South Pacific. They were partly right and wrong. Nobody really thought the Japanese would attack our fleet at Pearl Harbor in the east even though we knew it was possible for an aircraft carrier attack to hit there. The Japanese secretly sent a large naval fleet toward Pearl Harbor. It was the largest fleet of its type in history. The purpose of the mission was to wipe out the U.S. Pacific Fleet so the Japanese could continue to take control of the South Pacific area. Our fleet was the only real threat to their military plan. When the Japanese planes left the aircraft carriers to attack Pearl Harbor they were detected by our radar operators. The radar operators assumed they were either a large group of birds or some U.S. planes out on a training mission. The first attack by the Japanese started at 7:55 am. Our ships were lined up next to each other. This made them easy targets for the Japanese pilots. In just a short period of time, five of our eight destroyers were sunk and the rest badly damaged. A second wave of Japanese planes also attacked Pearl Harbor. They continued to attack our ships and also attacked our airfields. One type of ship they didn’t sink was our aircraft carriers. They looked for them but never found them. They were out doing some training missions. The Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor destroyed 188 airplanes.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Gun Control: Law Abiding Citizens Should be Permitted to Have Guns Essa

Gun Control: Law Abiding Citizens Should be Permitted to Have Guns "Bleeding and weakened from the bullet wound in her chest, Susan Gonzalez aimed her husband's .22-caliber pistol, the one she hated, and emptied it into one of the robbers who had burst through the front door of her rural Jacksonville home"(Pinkham). This story shows that guns can be used to save lives. Americans have gun rights and privileges thanks to the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution. It states, "A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed." The U.S. Constitution has given the public these privileges so Americans may have the right to protect ourselves with a gun if needs be. In the constitution they made sure to point out Americans have the right "to keep and bear arms". Even though times have changed, the idea of a militia has remained the same as Samuel Adams stated, "The Militia is composed of free citizens," which Americans are all free citizens having the right to bear arms. A person that has the right to bear arms should be a person that can handle that responsibility. There are many laws in place right now to stop people who are irresponsible from buying a gun. The law that is supposed to be the main source of gun control is the Brady Bill. The Brady Bill is named after James Brady, who was shot by John Hinckley during an assassination attempt on President Reagan in 1981. Even though this bill was introduced after this incident, it would not have made a difference in the shootings. John Hinckley had a good record with no mental illness and no felony convictions in any jurisdiction, so the public can't say only criminals use g... ...ady Bill into affect in all the states. Gun legislatures also need to start taking some steps towards making gun offenders too scared to even pick up a gun. The public can't live without guns and most people will never give up their guns. So when the Public comes to that fork in the road lets decide to make people that break the law suffer. The people that abide by the law get to enjoy their guns without fear that it might be used against them or they will have to use it against someone else. Bibliography Brady, Sarah. Chairman, Handgun Control, Incorporated,Hearst Newspapers Special Report "Handguns in America"October 1997 O'Donnell, Rosie. April 21, 1999 Pinkham, Paul.Times-Union staff writer (Jacksonville Fla) Tuesday, July 18,2000<don't know> Thomas, Andrew Peyton "Crime and the Sacking of America:The Roots of Chaos"Washington:Brassey's, 1994

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Evolution of Management Thought

Corporate situation analysis 1. Overview of sales management(Group-1) Q. Assume that you are a regional sales manager of Bajaj Auto limited. And you are asked by your General a manager(Sales and Marketing) to submit your sales force strategy and tactics to achieve an increase in sales volume by 20% for the next financial year( make assumption if required) 2. ? Sales territories and sales Quota(Group-2) Q.Assume you are appointed as head of marketing of Saragam Aluminium Company, which is a new company, manufacturing and marketing aluminium extruded products, such as door, window and partition aluminium frames, heat sinks and control panels. Customers include household and business organisation. The factory is located in Hosur district of Tamil Nadu, and 38 kilometres from Bangalore. You are discussed with your CEO to initially focus sales and distribution efforts in southern regions, consisting of Karnataka, TN, AP, and Kerala. You are required to design sales territories to cover th e four southern states.Describe how do you go about your task? 3. Distribution in sales management(Group-3) Q. M/SMalhotra is a company making razorblades. They want to enter the market in Hyderabad and AP. Mr. Ramesh Kumar, their marketing manager, is one of the opinions that razor blades need selective distribution by a direct company distribution network. Discuss the merits of the suggestion and give right direction to Ramesh 4. Sales organising and staffing function Q. What kind of organisational specialisation within sales department do you recommended for each of the following companies? Group-4) a) The textile machinery manufacturing company diversifying into a consumer durable product such as auniquely designed table fan that can be used by household consumers and commercial firms initially in western India b) A SBU or business Unitof large company selling airconditioning and refrigeration products to households, cold storage and factories, commercial establishments like hot el, theatres, hospitals, and government organisation all over the nation, with wide range of products, such as room-air-conditioners, packaged-air-conditioner, Central air –conditioning plants, water –cooler, efrigerators, and cold storage plants (Group-5) Q. Some nationalised banks recruit only experienced persons or promote people from, within the organisation. Some other like ICICI banks and IDBI recruit extensively from management institute. Explain the difference in sources used by these financial organisations selling essentially the same kind of find of financial services and products 5. Sales force motivation and training(Group-6) Q. If you were an area sales manager, how would you motivate the following sales person? ) A high performing sales person, whose morale is down because he did not get an expected promotion as a marketing executive, although he has been consistently exceeding his sales target (or quotas) for the past four years. The main responsibiliti es of marketing executives are selling to a few key accounts, and coaching some sales trainees on the job b) An older sales person whose performance has been below expectation for past few years, although he had performed well in the past. He seems to have lost enthusiasm; although he has developed excellent relationship with a few key accounts from whom the company get good sales volume.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Global Business Cultural Analysis: Germany Essay

Germany has a rich history and has seen many changes throughout the past few decades. Though devastating struggles have been encountered, today Germany boasts the largest economy, as well as the second most populated country within the European countries. (Central Intelligence Agency, 2013) This paper will analyze the dimensions of German culture, how those dimensions affect the way business is conducted, and more specifically, how the business culture of Germany differs and may propose complications for American companies interested in expanding their business globally to Germany. Overall, there are certainly differentiations in German and American business culture, however, none that would inhibit a business to be successful through a global expansion. As Cesar Chavez once said, â€Å"Preservation of one’s own culture does not require contempt or disrespect for other cultures.† An unbiased point of view or mindset is crucial when one is considering conducting business in a country whose culture differs from that of the said businessperson’s own culture. That is, if business success is a top priority. The successful global business embraces the culture of the particular country in which they wish to do business and is flexible while still maintaining a strong grasp on their own core values and cultural beliefs. Before one can be successful at differentiating the differences of two cultures, it is important to have a full understanding of what culture is. Quite often the culture of a particular country or region is thought to entail the arts, food, music and language of an area. Culture encompasses so much more than the elements listed above. The culture of an area is what defines who they are, how they operate, and how they relate to people outside of their culture. The dimensions of culture can be categorized as communication, religion, ethics, values and attitudes, manners, customs, social structures and organizations. (Saterlee, 2009) Saterlee goes on to describe each of these categories of culture by breaking down the complexity of each. The way a culture eats, dresses, speaks (including verbal and non-verbal communication) conducts business, punctuation, gender roles, expression of emotions, and education are all just examples of subcategories that fall within the dimensions provided by Saterlee. Clearly there is much that can be learned not only about the culture in which a business wishes to pursue operations in, but also in the said business’s own culture. As mentioned earlier, a profound understanding of one’s own culture is imperative when conducting business in an entirely different culture. â€Å"Our greatest instrument for understanding the world–introspection†¦.The best way of knowing the inwardness of our neighbor is to know ourselves.† (Lippmann, 1914) What are the major elements and dimensions of culture in Germany? The following question will be answered by covering the history (including previous government style and modern), religion, customs, social structures and eth ics, as well as communication. History of German Government Up until 1990 Germany was a divided nation consisting of two parts, Eastern and Western Germany. With the arrival of the Cold War, Germany was divided and two states were formed in 1949. Western Germany formed the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and Easter Germany formed the German Democratic Republic (GDR). The western Federal Republic took sides with the European Commission (EC) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) while the eastern German Democratic Republic sided with the communist Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. Germany was unified in 1990 with the diminishing of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the decline of Communism. From this unification, Germany became a stronghold in the European Union (EU) and as mentioned earlier became what is still the most populated European country. Rebuilding a unified Germany. Following the unification of eastern and western Germany arose the issue of combining two different economies into one successful economy. This posed many problems due to the success of Western Germany and the lack of success in Eastern Germany. The eastern side had been on a steady decline for the previous years leading up to the unification in 1990. When the unification occurred, it was time to create solutions for a successful merge of the two states to become one flourishing economy. On May 18, 1990 a treaty was formed between the two states, which addressed economic and financial matters. Arising from the treaty an agreement was met that stated the Federal Republic would exchange valuable, convertible western marks for less valuable, non-convertible eastern marks. A more in depth look into what is needed for the successful intertwining shows that large investments in communications, railroads, highways, and utilities are major areas that need assistance within Eastern Germany. Large companies including Volkswagen and Siemens A.G. made massive investments, which, in turn helped boost the economy and employ thousands of workers. (Harris, 1991) Transition from a Dictatorial nation to a Democratic nation. Throughout history Germany encountered many struggles while trying to develop a democracy. Some of these struggles were caused by perceptions of which were influenced by prior autocratic or dictatorial regimes. Similar to a ghost, the ideology of these previous regimes remained after their fall even during the transition to the new democracy. After the unification in 1990 there were problems that East Germans faced in regards to transitioning to a new style of government. East Germans were unfamiliar with the new democratic style of government. The transitions did not come as a complete shock due to the exposure of such governing principles viewed through media. Before flourishing, there were some economic struggles faced as well by East Germans. (Saafeld, 1997) Religion There are many similarities between the United States and Germany in relation to religion that will be discussed in further detail later. Germans have the freedom to exercise any religion of their choice. The German Basic Law describes the context of religious freedom within the country. More specifically explained in Article 4: Article 4 [Freedom of faith, conscience, and creed] (1) Freedom of faith and of conscience, and freedom to profess a religious or philosophical creed, shall be inviolable. (2) The undisturbed practice of religion shall be guaranteed. (3) No person shall be compelled against his conscience to render military service involving the use of arms. Details shall be regulated by a federal law. (Federal Republic of Germany, 1993) The main premise on which the scope of Article four of the German Basic Law was established was the case of Rumpelkammer in 1968. This case was brought about when a Roman Catholic youth organization was planning on practicing their faith missionary style in public. The group would raise money by collecting used goods such as clothes and other recyclables. The money that was obtained through the recyclables would then be donated to various charities. The group obtained support from priests by having them encourage parishioners to donate. The issue at hand was when a commercial rag dealer began to complain that the groups’ activities were illegal and in turn hurting his business. The businessman took it to court and actually won in the lower court system, however, the Constitutional Court disagreed and overturned the lower court’s decision to ban the youth group’s method of raising money. [The Article Four guarantees of religion—irrespective if the creed is rooted in religious or nonreligious ideological belief—entail not only the inner freedom to believe or no believe, that is to profess a particular creed, or to remain silent or disavow a previously held creed and profess a new one, but also the freedom to engage in ritual acts, to proselytize, and to propagandize†¦.Religious exercise has central meaning for each faith, and in view of its historical content, must be interpreted broadly. It includes not only ritualistic acts, like adherence to religious practices such as worship services, church collections, prayer, receipt of the sacrament†¦but also religious education, religious and atheistic celebrations and other practices of religious or nonreligious life.†] (Eberle, 2004) Germany also has an excellent state-church relationship. We see that this was developed early in German history with the strong roots of the Catholic Church embedded in German government. It is known that during the middle ages the Catholic Church maintained an adherence to education particularly in the areas of reading, writing, mathematics, accounting, and the study of science and philosophy. Eberle states, â€Å"The deep association of the Catholic Church with learning is a major factor in the cooperative relationship that has developed between church and state over education. Europeans became accustomed to looking to the Church for support and contribution to society.† (Eberle, 2004)

Sunday, September 15, 2019

C Language: Question Bank

Material from Interview Mantra. Subscribe to free updates via email. Material from Interview Mantra. Subscribe to free updates via email. Favourite 50 – C Interview Question Bank for freshers and experienced IT programmers Written by Madhulika Reddy and Dhoka Ratan. Edited and Published by Sridhar Jammalamadaka Get the latest updates and news on topics Career and Education from Interview Mantra – Subscribe to Interview Mantra for free. ABOUT THIS BOOK This book comprises of Interview Questions and Answers collected from the famous career advice blog www. InterviewMantra. et The aim of this book is to help freshers and experienced programmers to quickly brush up the basic concepts of C language. This book can be used as a quick study guide before attending a job interview which requires knowledge of C programming language. The questions that appear in this book are few of the most frequently asked questions in IT Job interviews in top MNC companies. All the questions hav e been neatly answered and have been supported with example code wherever applicable. A lot of effort has been put into this book to make the answers as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The authors and the publisher shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from the use of the programs accompanying it. Please send your feedback to us via email to [email  protected] net COPYRIGHT INFO C language – Interview Question Bank by Sridhar Jammalamadaka is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2. 5 India License. Based on a work at www. interviewmantra. net. In simple words, you may use this work for commercial purposes, remix the work, reproduce it by any means, provided ou keep a link to http://www. interviewmantra. net and attribute the work to the owner – Sridhar Jammalamadaka. CONTENTS AT A GLANCE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Chapter Name pg-no Variables & Control Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Operators, Constants & Structures . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Material from Interview Mantra. Subscribe to free updates via email. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: Variables & Control Flow 1. What is the difference between declaring a variable and defining a variable? 2. What is a static variable? 3. What is a register variable? 4. Where is an auto variable stored? 5. What is scope & storage allocation of extern and global variables? 6. What is scope & storage allocation of register, static and local variables? 7. What are storage memory, default value, scope and life of Automatic and Register storage class? 8. What are storage memory, default value, scope and life of Static and External storage class? 9. What is the difference between ‘break' and ‘continue' statements? 0. What is the difference between ‘for' and ‘while' loops? CHAPTER 2: Operators, Constants & Structures 1. Which bitwise operator is suitable for checking whether a particular bit is ON or OFF? 2. Which bitwise operator is suitable for turning OFF a particular bit in a number? 3. What is equivalent of multiplying an unsigned int by 2: left shif t of number by 1 or right shift of number by 1? 4. What is an Enumeration Constant? 5. What is a structure? 6. What are the differences between a structure and a union? 7. What are the advantages of unions? 8. How can typedef be to define a type of structure? 9. Write a program that returns 3 numbers from a function using a structure. 10. In code snippet below: struct Date { int yr; int day; int month; } date1,date2; date1. yr = 2004; date1. day = 4; date1. month = 12; Write a function that assigns values to date2. Arguments to the function must be pointers to the structure, Date and integer variables date, month, year. Material from Interview Mantra. Subscribe to free updates via email. CHAPTER 3: Functions 1. What is the purpose of main() function? 2. Explain command line arguments of main function? 3. What are header files? Are functions declared or defined in header files ? 4. What are the differences between formal arguments and actual arguments of a function? 5. What is pass by value in functions? 6. What is pass by reference in functions? 7. What are the differences between getchar() and scanf() functions for reading strings? 8. Out of the functions fgets() and gets(), which one is safer to use and why? 9. What is the difference between the functions strdup() and strcpy()? CHAPTER 4: Pointers 1. What is a pointer in C? 2. What are the advantages of using pointers? 3. What are the differences between malloc() and calloc()? 4. How to use realloc() to dynamically increase size of an already allocated array? . What is the equivalent pointer expression for referring an element a[i][j][k][l], in a four dimensional array? 6. Declare an array of three function pointers where each function receives two integers and returns float. 7. Explain the variable assignment in the declaration int *(*p[10])(char *, char *); 8. What is the value of sizeof(a) /sizeof(char *) in a code snippet: char *a[4]={â€Å"sridhar†,†raghava†,†shashi†,†srikanth†}; 9. (i) What are the differences between the C statements below: char *str = â€Å"Hello†; char arr[] = â€Å"Hello†; (ii) Whether following statements get complied or not? Explain each statement. arr++; *(arr + 1) = ‘s'; printf(â€Å"%s†,arr); CHAPTER 5: Programs 1. Write a program to find factorial of the given number. 2. Write a program to check whether the given number is even or odd. 3. Write a program to swap two numbers using a temporary variable. 4. Write a program to swap two numbers without using a temporary variable. Material from Interview Mantra. Subscribe to free updates via email. 5. Write a program to swap two numbers using bitwise operators. 6. Write a program to find the greatest of three numbers. 7. Write a program to find the greatest among ten numbers. . Write a program to check whether the given number is a prime. 9. Write a program to check whether the given number is a palindromic number. 10. Write a program to check whether the given string is a palindrome. 11. Write a program to generate the Fibonacci series. 12. Write a program to print â€Å"Hello World† without using semicolon anywhere in the code. 13. Wr ite a program to print a semicolon without using a semicolon anywhere in the code. 14. Write a program to compare two strings without using strcmp() function. 15. Write a program to concatenate two strings without using strcat() function. 16. Write a program to delete a specified line from a text file. 17. Write a program to replace a specified line in a text file. 18. Write a program to find the number of lines in a text file. 19. Write a C program which asks the user for a number between 1 to 9 and shows the number. If the user inputs a number out of the specified range, the program should show an error and prompt the user for a valid input. 20. Write a program to display the multiplication table of a given number. Testimonials Anushka M says â€Å"Thank you soooo much for all these questions, along with the solutions. It’s a great compilation. Thanks a lot guys. 🙂 † Anonymous says â€Å"Awesome. Thanks a ton for uploading this pdf, your concept was crystal clear. Now I am very confident about myself. Now I'm ready to face the interview challenge. Thanks once again. † Urmi says â€Å"Thank You.. It's Nice.. It saved my valuable Time.. Thanks a lot! † Rajakumari says â€Å"Thank you so †¦ much Mr. Sridhar. No words to say , lot of thanks†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Very useful to freshers & experienced. † Material from Interview Mantra. Subscribe to free updates via email. CHAPTER 1: Variables & Control Flow 1. What is the difference between declaring a variable and defining a variable? Declaration of a variable in C hints the compiler about the type and size of the variable in compile time. Similarly, declaration of a function hints about type and size of function parameters. No space is reserved in memory for any variable in case of declaration. Example: int a; Here variable ‘a' is declared of data type ‘int' Defining a variable means declaring it and also allocating space to hold it. We can say â€Å"Definition = Declaration + Space reservation†. Example: int a = 10; Here variable â€Å"a† is described as an int to the compiler and memory is allocated to hold value 10. 2. What is a static variable? A static variable is a special variable that is stored in the data segment unlike the default automatic variable that is stored in stack. A static variable can be initialized by using keyword static before variable name. Example: static int a = 5; A static variable behaves in a different manner depending upon whether it is a global variable or a local variable. A static global variable is same as an ordinary global variable except that it cannot be accessed by other files in the same program / project even with the use of keyword extern. A static local variable is different from local variable. It is initialized only once no matter how many times that function in which it resides is called. It may be used as a count variable. Example: #include //program in file f1. c void count(void) { static int count1 = 0; int count2 = 0; count1++; count2++; printf(â€Å"Value of count1 is %d, Value of count2 is %d†, count1, count2); } /*Main function*/ int main(){ count(); count(); count(); return 0; } Output: Value of count1 is 1, Value of count2 is 1 Value of count1 is 2, Value of count2 is 1 Material from Interview Mantra. Subscribe to free updates via email. Value of count1 is 3, Value of count2 is 1 3. What is a register variable? Register variables are stored in the CPU registers. Its default value is a garbage value. Scope of a register variable is local to the block in which it is defined. Lifetime is till control remains within the block in which the register variable is defined. Variable stored in a CPU register can always be accessed faster than the one that is stored in memory. Therefore, if a variable is used at many places in a program, it is better to declare its storage class as register Example: register int x=5; Variables for loop counters can be declared as register. Note that register keyword may be ignored by some compilers. . Where is an auto variables stored? Main memory and CPU registers are the two memory locations where auto variables are stored. Auto variables are defined under automatic storage class. They are stored in main memory. Memory is allocated to an automatic variable when the block which contains it is called and it is de-allocated at the completion of its block execution. Auto variables: Storage : main memory. Default value : garbage value. Scope : local to the block in which the variable is defined. Lifetime : till the control remains within the block in which the variable is defined. 5. What is scope & storage allocation of extern and global variables? Extern variables: belong to the External storage class and are stored in the main memory. extern is used when we have to refer a function or variable that is implemented in other file in the same project. The scope of the extern variables is Global. Example: /*************** Index: f1. c ****************/ #include extern int x; int main() { printf(â€Å"value of x %d†, x); return 0; } Index: f2. c ****************/ int x = 3; Here, the program written in file f1. c has the main function and reference to variable x. The file f2. c has the declaration of variable x. The compiler should know the datatype of x and this is done by extern definition. Material from Interview Mantra. Subscribe to free updates via email. Global variables: are variables which are declared above the main( ) function. These variables are accessible throughout the program. They can be accessed by all the functions in the program. Their default value is zero. Example: #include int x = 0; /* Variable x is a global variable. It can be accessed throughout the program */ void increment(void) { x = x + 1; printf(† value of x: %d†, x); } int main(){ printf(† value of x: %d†, x); increment(); return 0; } 6. What is scope & storage allocation of register, static and local variables? Register variables: belong to the register storage class and are stored in the CPU registers. The scope of the register variables is local to the block in which the variables are defined. The variables which are used for more number of times in a program are declared as register variables for faster access. Example: loop counter variables. register int y=6; Static variables: Memory is allocated at the beginning of the program execution and it is reallocated only after the program terminates. The scope of the static variables is local to the block in which the variables are defined. Example: #include void decrement(){ static int a=5; a–; printf(â€Å"Value of a:%d†, a); } int main(){ decrement(); return 0; } Here ‘a' is initialized only once. Every time this function is called, ‘a' does not get initialized. so output would be 4 3 2 etc. , Local variables: are variables which are declared within any function or a block. They can be accessed only by function or block in which they are declared. Their default value is a garbage value. 7. What are storage memory, default value, scope and life of Automatic and Register storage class? . Automatic storage class: Storage : Default value : main memory. garbage value. Material from Interview Mantra. Subscribe to free updates via email. Scope Lifetime Storage Default value Scope Lifetime : : : : : : local to the block in which the variable is defined. till control remains within the block. CPU registers. ga rbage value. local to the block in which the variable is defined. till control remains within the block. 2. Register storage class: 8. What are storage memory, default value, scope and life of Static and External storage class? 1. Static storage class: Storage Default value Scope Lifetime Storage Default value Scope Lifetime : : : : : : : : main memory. zero local to the block in which the variable is defined. till the value of the variable persists between different function calls. main memory zero global as long as the program execution doesn't come to an end. 2. External storage class: 9. What is the difference between ‘break' and ‘continue' statements? Differences between ‘break' and ‘continue' statements break 1. break is a keyword used to terminate the loop or exit from the block. The control jumps to next statement after the loop or block. 2. Syntax: { Statement 1; Statement 2; Statement n; break; } 3. reak can be used with for, while, do- while, and switch statements. When break is used in nested loops i. e. within the inner most loop then only the innermost loop is terminated. 4. Example: i = 1, j = 0; while(i a && b ; c) { printf(â€Å"b is Greater than a and c†); } else if (c ; a && c ; b) { printf(â€Å"c is Greater than a and b†); } else { printf(â€Å"all are equal or any two values are equal†); } return 0; } Output: Enter a,b,c: 3 5 8 c is Greater than a and b Explanation with examples: Consider three numbers a=5,b=4,c=8 if(a;b && a;c) then a is greater than b and c now check this condition for the three numbers 5,4,8 i. . if(5;4 && 5;8) /* 5>4 is true but 5>8 fails */ so the control shifts to else if condition else if(b;a && b;c) then b is greater than a and c now checking this condition for 5,4,8 i. e. else if(4;5 && 4;8) /* both the conditions fail */ now the control shifts to the next else if condition else if(c;a && c;b) then c is greater than a and b Material from Interview Mantra. Subscribe to free updates via email. now checking this condition for 5,4,8 i. e. else if(8;5 && 8;4) /* both conditions are satisfied */ Thus c is greater than a and b. 7. Write a program to find the greatest among ten numbers. Program: #include int main() { int a[10]; int i; int greatest; printf(â€Å"Enter ten values:†); //Store 10 numbers in an array for (i = 0; i ; 10; i++) { scanf(â€Å"%d†, [i]); } //Assume that a[0] is greatest greatest = a[0]; for (i = 0; i ; 10; i++) { if (a[i] ; greatest) { greatest = a[i]; } } printf(â€Å"Greatest of ten numbers is %d†, greatest); return 0; } Output: Enter ten values: 2 53 65 3 88 8 14 5 77 64 Greatest of ten numbers is 88 Explanation with example: Entered values are 2, 53, 65, 3, 88, 8, 14, 5, 77, 64 They are stored in an array of size 10. et a[] be an array holding these values. /* how the greatest among ten numbers is found */ Let us consider a variable ‘greatest'. At the beginning of the loop, variable ‘greatest' is assinged with the value of first element in the array greatest=a[0]. Here variable ‘greatest' is assigned 2 as a[0]=2. Below loop is executed until end of the array ‘a[]';. for(i=0; igreatest) { greatest= a[i]; } } For each value of ‘i', value of a[i] is compared with value of variable ‘greatest'. If any value greater than the value of ‘greatest' is encountered, it would be replaced by a[i]. After completion of ‘for' loop, the value of variable ‘greatest' holds the greatest number in the array. In this case 88 is the greatest of all the numbers. Material from Interview Mantra. Subscribe to free updates via email. 8. Write a program to check whether the given number is a prime. A prime number is a natural number that has only one and itself as factors. Examples: 2, 3, 13 are prime numbers. Program: #include main() { int n, i, c = 0; printf(â€Å"Enter any number n: â€Å"); scanf(â€Å"%d†, ); /*logic*/ for (i = 1; i